Moko disease and black sigatoka food and agriculture. Pdf occurrence of banana blood disease in malaysia. However, neither of these diseases currently occur in australia. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely. Subtropical banana information kit reprint information current in 2004. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely related to the blood disease bacterium which causes blood. Sustainable management of moko and bugtok diseases of banana.
The plant disease moko, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is the most important bacterial disease in banana and plantain crops worldwide. Moko disease is the name given to the deadly bac terial wilt of bananas, plantains and bluggoe maugh. Moko disease of plantain and banana, also known as bacterial wilt, vascular wilt. Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some. During the 1950s, a first outbreak of panama disease almost. The primer pairs isrso19fisrso19r were used for defined identification of ralstonia solanacearum race 2 strain. From these data, models of a bbtv disease epidemic were developed to incorporate the two key features of. Occurrence of ralstonia solanacearum race 2 biovar 1. Black sigatoka aka black leaf streak, caused by the fungus mycosphaerella fijiensis, and moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solancearum phylotype ii, are among the most destructive diseases of banana. The disease epidemiology is poorly understood and little is known about the diversity of the bacterial populations associated with this disease. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccination technology. To prevent the introduction and spread of these diseases, to and within queenslands banana production area, movement restrictions apply to banana plants, and banana pest carriers.
Moko is a deadly disease of banana, plantain and similar crops. Frontiers history and status of selected hosts of the. Some isolates of bugtok easily cause wilt in tomatoes. Moko disease leaflet ministry of agriculture, forestry, fisheries. It is caused by a bacterium, ralstonia pseudomonas solanacearum race 2, unknown strain. Ralstonia solanacearum is a widely distributed pathogen found in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions of the world 3.
Moko is currently the most widely dispersed of the three pests. Economic impact first recorded in guyana in 1840 in moko plantain reductions in yield due to moko of up to 74% have been reported in guyana. For more information please contact us via email from my phone. Use of fieldintegrated information in gisbased maps to. On a more local scale, similar situations have arisen with bluggoe plantain and moko disease in the caribbean and central america. Banana bunchy top disease caused by the banana bunchy top babuvirus, bbtv can cause losses of 90 or even 100 percent of production. The pathogen is resistant to fungicides and its control is limited to phytosanitary measures during the 1950s, a first outbreak of panama disease almost wiped out the commercial gros michel banana. More than 45 authors present current information on how to identify and control diseases of banana, coconut, mango, pineapple, papaya, and avocado. The plant is tall, tropical and treelike with a sturdy main pseudostem not a true stem as it is made of rolled leaf bases with the leaves arranged spirally at the top. It is the first disease of bananas to have spread globally in the first half of the 20th century. The banana is grown in the tropics, and, though it is most widely consumed in those regions, it is valued worldwide for its flavor, nutritional value, and availability throughout the year. It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus fusarium oxysporum f. Oct 12, 2015 moko disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum r. The banana research division identified it as moko and the world authority.
In the present study, chlorine dioxide and seven resistance inducers in banana plants musa sp. However, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas globally and management practices are not always well. Product detail compendium of tropical fruit diseases. Bacterial wilt induced by the ralstonia solanacearum species complex is endemic to brazil, where it can cause variable losses in many hosts. Moko disease is an economically and environmentally important threat that causes large losses in many tropical countries berg, 1971, buddenhagen, 1960, sequeira, 1958, sequeira, 1962.
Jul 20, 2017 bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak mycosphaerella fijiensis and fusarium wilt fusarium oxysporum f. The bacterial pathogen responsible for this havoc is ralstonia solanacerum, which is actually a complex of several strains and races often corresponding to geographic regions, affecting a wide range of host plants in both tropical and temperate regions. The bacterial wilt disease was initially known as moko disease. Bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak mycosphaerella fijiensis and fusarium wilt fusarium oxysporum f. Managing moko disease of banana in latin america and the. Banana moko disease management with resistance inducers. Moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana and plantain.
The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood disease bacterium, which is considered a. During march 2011 to june 2012, 170 banana plants associated with moko. In india, the disease was first reported from west bengal. Panama disease also known as fusarium wilt is caused by the soilborne fungus fusarium oxysporum f. Typically, stem crosssections will ooze a slimy bacterial exudate. Panama disease is considered to be the most destructive disease of banana in modern times. Panama disease or fusarium wilt is a plant disease that infects banana plants musa spp. On banana plantations, fields are flooded to control the fungus or by planting a cover crop. The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood disease bacterium, which is considered a member of the r. Jun, 2018 even though the disease was found in only one municipality on the border, the growers information was that a severe disease, called banana fever, had destroyed many plantations in the past, with symptoms that matched those of moko mello, 1981. Fao information products are available on the organizations website at. The colombian agricultural institute ica registered the elimination of 731 hectares of plantain and banana farms in 2011 and 2012, as part of an eradication program to stop bacterial wilt moko disease in its tracks. Moko disease a bacterium, pseudomona solanacearum, is the culprit resulting in moko disease. Banana diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation.
It is sometimes called southern wilt or southern bacterial wilt in the northern hemisphere. Moko disease of banana and plantain purdue agriculture. Race 1 infects lady finger, sugar and ducasse, but not cavendish race 2 generally infects cooking bananas like bluggoe and blue java. Occurrence of banana blood disease in malaysia presentation. Moko is a devastating bacterial disease caused by ralstonia solancearum race 2. This organism is the causal agent of brown rot of potato, bacterial wilt or southern wilt of tomato, tobacco, eggplant, and some ornamentals, and moko disease of. Managing moko disease of banana in latin america and the caribbean yellow zone corresponds to plants growing within a radius of 5 m around the red zone 1. Moko has caused severe losses in banana crops in central and south america, the caribbean and the philippines. Its economic importance, however, cannot be precisely measured due to brazils continental size, subject to variable weather conditions which directly affect disease expression. Identification, vector relationships, epidemiology banana. The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood. Pdf banana moko disease management with resistance inducers. Banana diseases and pests field guide for diagnostics and data collection improvement of banana for smallholder farmers in the great lakes region of africa.
Since the outbreak of the banana bacterial wilt disease which was first reported in 2007, the disease has caused great yield reduction. The banana and plantain bacterial wilt disease known as moko is caused by r. The replacement of gros michel by clones of a single variety, cavendish, due to breakdown of resistance to race 1 of panama disease has led to a situation where an extremely narrow genetic base, derived from selection not breeding, is now threatened by new pathogenic variants of this disease and others, such as black sigatoka. Moko disease bacterial soft rot banana diseases caused by viruses banana bunchy top infectious chlorosis, mosaic, and heart rot banana streak. Moko disease of banana the moko disease of banana is caused by the ralstonia solanacearum breed 2 pseudomonas solanacearum bacteria. These diseases are present in australia and pose a significant threat to queenslands banana industry. The diseases often occur in epidemic proportions and bring about catastrophic losses. Segmented banana chilling injury to fruit one of the less common plantain diseases is exostentialis clittellus referred to by most plantain and banana farmers as segmented banana. However, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas globally and. The disease constitutes a major phytosanitary problem in plantain and banana crops, causing production losses, high eradication costs, and plant quarantines. The common name for the diseases this organism causes varies with the host that is attacked.
Ralstonia solanacearum, a widespread bacterial plant pathogen. This is a result of the peel forming tiny interfruit membranes which cause the banana to appear as though it has been sliced before it is peeled. Of the bacterial wilts of bananas, moko disease is the best known and the most. This disease is the chief disease of banana and plantain in the western hemisphere. In the case of moko disease of banana and brown rot of potato, there is also visible bacterial colonization of banana fruit and potato tuber. There are four known races of the disease, three of which attack one or more banana cultivars race 1,2 and 4. Yellow zone managing moko disease of banana in latin america. Use of fieldintegrated information in gisbased maps to evaluate moko disease ralstonia solanacearum. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely related to the blood disease bacterium which causes blood disease. Fusarium wilt the banana knowledge platform of the promusa. For the evaluation of chlorine dioxide, three doses.
Managing moko, a major disease affecting cavendish bananas, has been the focus of growers, scientists, economists, and theorists for years. Phylogenetic and pathogenic variability of strains of. Ralstonia solanacearum formerly pseudomonas solanacearum causes large losses in more than 200 different cultivated plant species. Pcr amplification of all isolates produced a 1900 amplicon and exhibited 93% phylogenetic similarity with reference. This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of chiapas in 1991. The central leaves break at a sharp angle while still green. Banana streak disease caused by the banana streak badnavirus, bsv causes losses of 40 to 60 percent, and banana bract mosaic caused by the banana bract mosaic potyvirus, bbrmv results in losses of more than 40%. Moko symptoms have also been confused with those caused by panama disease caused by. Leaves will also naturally shed in exposed areas, an adaptation to tropical storms. Ica plans to continue these efforts in 20, but emphasizes exports are unlikely to be affected significantly.
The species as a whole has a very broad host range and infects hundreds of species in many plant families. Prevent people, animals, and vehicles from entering this zone. Although local reports suggested that this disease is widespread in malaysia, molecular characterization of r. For one thing, the economic impact of moko can be disastrous. Pest banana plants, which include any plants of the genera musa or ensete other than a plant. Common banana farming diseases symptoms and treatment. Moko disease of banana is also known as bacterial or vascular wilt of banana, madura viche, or ereke. Moko and bugtok diseases of banana are caused by ralstonia solanacearum smith yabuuchi et al. The pathogen is resistant to fungicides and until now, its control is limited to phytosanitary measures. Use of fieldintegrated information in gisbased maps to evaluate moko. Moko disease produces dramatic symptoms of wilt, dieback and death of banana and.
During june 2011 to march 2012, moko disease symptoms were observed in banana cv. Pests and diseases of banana crops business queensland. Moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of musa spp. Since the outbreak of the banana bacterial wilt disease which was first reported in 2007, the disease has caused great yield reduction and loss to the farmers. Tom creswell, plant disease diagnosticiandirector, purdue plant and pest diagnostic lab. This article is a list of diseases of bananas and plantains musa spp.
In the philippines, the two diseases may seem different because moko is observed more often affecting the export variety cavendish with wilt symptom while bugtok is very common in cooking bananas like saba and cardaba as fruit pulp discoloration. Moko disease produces dramatic symptoms of wilt, dieback and death of banana and plantain. Yellow zone managing moko disease of banana in latin. In addition to fungal diseases, the bunchy top virus has created a situation of a dismal future for the banana industry. However, most moko strains are also pathogenic on tomato solanum lycopersicon, unlike bdb.
The banana plant, musa paradisiaca, is the worlds largest herbaceous perennial plant and belongs to the family musaceae. The products were applied on the leaves using a manual pressure sprayer 10. Controlling moko disease in bananas with em application. In tobacco, it is called bacterial wilt or granville wilt for granville county, north carolina where it was observed as early as 1880 and moko disease in banana. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccinati youtube. It is transmitted through water, wind, moving soil and farm equipment. Pcr amplification of all isolates produced a 1900 amplicon and exhibited 93% phylogenetic similarity with reference strain. Important diseases of banana include rhizome rot caused by erwinia spp. Fusarium wilt of banana, popularly known as panama disease, is a lethal fungal disease caused by the soilborne fungus fusarium oxysporum f. A disease outbreak in trinidad in the late 1890s caused severe losses of moko cooking bananas. In older plants, the inner leaf first turns yellow near the petiole. Susceptible varieties are the robusta and poovan from tamilnadu.
Information on the epidemiology of bbtv was also obtained by compiling and analysing disease incidence data from commercial banana farms in the davao city region. Black sigatoka first appeared in the western hemisphere in honduras in 1972, and then spread rapidly to other producing areas on the mainland. Banana is much more vulnerable to disease than to the insect pests. Mar 18, 2014 during june 2011 to march 2012, moko disease symptoms were observed in banana cv. It is caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum. Ralstonia solanacearum is the agent of bacterial wilt of plants, characterized by a sudden wilt of the whole plant. A new species even more aggressive than black sigatoka and spreading in asia and the indian ocean. In 2004, rada detected a strange disease at three locations in st. This is a soilborne fungal disease and gets entry in the plant body through roots. Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some asian. Usually, it is not possible to distinguish moko and bdb based on the symptoms. Panama disease also known as fusarium wilt is caused by the soilborne fungus.
What to do moko is a deadly disease of banana, plantain and similar crops. Banana, fruit of the genus musa, one of the most important fruit crops of the world. The epidemic strated in central america on the susceptible gros michel banana, which. Banana is one of the popular fruits cultivated in malaysia. Pdf on sep 22, 2006, jose ricardo liberato and others published moko disease of banana ralstonia solanacearum find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. While cold winter weather has placed most plant diseases on hold in the midwest we can look to tropical regions for active pathogens. Banana in young plants, wilt and subsequent plant death is rapid. I hope that it will prove to be an uptodate reference for pathologists, agriculturists, farm managers, and others who either work in the tropics or otherwise need information on diseases of these important fruits.
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